Multi-decadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well as anthropogenic factors, or arise as unforced internal variability in the climate system. Distinguishing these factors is essential for estimating the sensitivity to climatic forcings and the amplitude of the unforced variability. Here we present 2,000-year-long global mean surface temperature reconstructions using seven different statistical methods that draw from a new global collection of temperature-sensitive paleoclimate records. Our new reconstructions display synchronous multi-decadal temperature fluctuations, which are coherent with one another and with fully forced CMIP5 millennial model simulations across the Common Era. The most significant attribution of pre-industrial variability at multi-decadal timescales is with volcanic aerosol forcing. The largest warming trends at timescales of 20 years and longer occur during the second half of the 20th century, highlighting the unusual character of warming in recent decades. Reconstructions and simulations agree on the magnitude of unforced global mean multi-decedal temperature variability, thereby increasing confidence in the ability of these models to project future decadal-scale climate change and in conservative baseline estimates against which forced variations may be detected.